Course Content
Introduction
0/1
Course Overview
Linux Fundamental
0/10
Introduction to Unix
History
Operating System
Hardware and Software
Why Linux
Linux Features
Linux vs Unix
Linux vs Windows
Introduction to Shell
Linux Fundamental
Basic Commands
0/3
Linux Basic Commands
Linux System Admin Command
Detecting Linux distribution name and version
Linux Commands
0/2
Tar command
Locate Command
Linux Permission
0/2
Linux File Permission
Advanced Permission
Linux Files and Directory
Linux Users and Group Management
0/1
Linux User & Group Management
Linux Process
Linux Networking
Linux Security
Linux Partitions
0/3
LVM Partition
Swap Partition
Normal Partition
Linux Sysadmin
0/4
Detect open ports
Useful shortcuts
Create Your Own Commands
Change root (chroot)
Linux Advance
0/2
Run level
Services
Linux Filters
Linux Tutorials
About Lesson

Run Level:

A runlevel is one of the modes that a Unix-based operating system will run in. Each runlevel has a certain number of services stopped or started, giving the user control over the behavior of the machine. Conventionally, seven runlevels exist, numbered from zero to six.

After the Linux kernel has booted, the init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel. Unless the user specifies another value as a kernel boot parameter, the system will attempt to enter (start) the default runlevel.

The linux machine run level is used to define what system services are operating. There are seven run levels:
0: Halt the machine

1: Single user mode
2-5: Normal operating mode (user defined)
2 – Multiuser, without NFS
3 – Full multiuser mode
4 – Unused
5 – X
6: Reboot
The default run level for a server should be 3. Run level 3 will start without X (GNOME/KDE/other). To change the default run level on boot you should edit the file /etc/inittab and change the default run level by editing this line:
id:5:initdefault:
to:
id:3:initdefault:

Init scripts

Init (short for initialization) is the program on Unix and Unix-like systems that spawns all other processes. It runs as a daemon and typically has PID 1.

The /etc/inittab file is used to set the default run level for the system. This is the runlevel that a system will start up on upon reboot. The applications that are started by init are located in the /etc/rc.d folder. Within this directory there is a separate folder for each run level, eg rc0.d, rc1.d, and so on.

chkconfig

The chkconfig tool is used in Red Hat based systems (like CentOS) to control what services are started at which runlevels. Running the command chkconfig –list will display a list of services whether they are enabled or disabled for each runlevel.

Single User mode is a mode that a multi-user system (like a Linux server) can be booted into the operating system as a superuser. Booting a system into this mode does not start networking, but can be used to make changes to any configuration files on the server. One of the most common usages for single-user mode is to change the root password for a server on which the current password is unknown.

Runlevels are an important part of the core of the Linux operating system. While not something the average administrator will work with on a daily basis, understanding runlevels gives the administrator another layer of control and flexibility over the servers they manage.

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